{"id":40131,"date":"2026-11-10T18:58:51","date_gmt":"2026-11-10T16:58:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rhinosd.net\/?p=40131"},"modified":"2026-11-10T18:58:51","modified_gmt":"2026-11-10T16:58:51","slug":"the-great-church-of-jesus-new-archaeological-discovery-in-dongola-northern-sudan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rhinosd.net\/?p=40131&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"The Great Church of Jesus: New Archaeological Discovery in Dongola, Northern Sudan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rhino: Agencies<\/span><\/h1>\n

In Old Dongola, the capital of the Christian Kingdom of Makura, a Sudanese Polish archaeological mission has uncovered new details about the \u201cGreat Church of Jesus,\u201d one of the largest religious structures in the history of Christian Nubia. The excavations revealed its original floors, an architectural staircase, inscriptions, and rare Greek hymns. <\/span><\/h1>\n

The church is 57 meters long, 47 meters wide, and has an estimated height of 21 meters.<\/span><\/h1>\n

The rediscovery once again highlights the cultural significance of Dongola, but at the same time raises questions about the fate of Sudan\u2019s heritage amid the war that has raged since April 2023, as museums and archaeological sites face looting, destruction, and neglect. The church, which the mission had identified as early as 2021, represents only one aspect of a historical memory whose vestiges are now threatened with loss.<\/span><\/h1>\n

Museums in the Crosshairs of War<\/span><\/h1>\n

Since the start of the war, Sudanese cultural institutions and museums have become additional victims of the conflict. The Sudanese National Museum in Khartoum, which houses some 100,000 artifacts, was among the hardest-hit sites. It suffered widespread looting; its collection included artifacts from ancient Sudanese civilizations, such as mummies, Kushite royal treasures, and pieces dating back to the Christian and Islamic periods.<\/span><\/h1>\n

In September 2024, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) expressed grave concern over reports of looting and destruction at a number of museums and heritage institutions, including the National Museum, noting that the threat to Sudan\u2019s cultural property had reached unprecedented levels since the start of the war.<\/span><\/h1>\n

The losses were not limited to the National Museum; the regional museums in Nyala and El Geneina also suffered extensive damage and looting during 2023 and 2024, according to an academic study published in the journal *Antiquity* in 2025, which examined the effects of the war on archaeological sites and cultural heritage in Sudan.<\/span><\/h1>\n

The study indicates that looting, vandalism, and damage resulting from the fighting affected museums in Khartoum, including the National Museum, and that storage facilities and sites associated with archaeological projects also sustained severe damage.<\/span><\/h1>\n

One of the most alarming findings of the study was evidence that trucks loaded with artifacts had been transported from the National Museum\u2014information based on Sudanese intelligence reports and corroborated by satellite imagery. Additionally, some artifacts suspected of belonging to the museum\u2019s collection were found to be offered for sale through online platforms and private communications.<\/span><\/h1>\n

Unprotected Archaeological Sites<\/span><\/h1>\n

The risks extend beyond the confines of museums to include open archaeological sites that span vast areas and are difficult to secure in wartime conditions.<\/span><\/h1>\n

In January 2024, UNESCO warned of reports of military activities on the archaeological island of Meroe, which is home to the royal city of the Kingdom of Kush and the sites of Naq\u2019a and Al-Musawwarat al-Safra, all of which have been listed as World Heritage Sites since 2011.<\/span><\/h1>\n

The organization called on the parties to the conflict not to target archaeological sites or use them for military purposes, while also warning of the risks of looting and illicit trafficking of artifacts, given the declining capacity of Sudanese institutions to protect and monitor these sites.<\/span><\/h1>\n

These warnings take on particular significance given the historical value of the site, which represents one of the most prominent centers of Kushite civilization and includes temples and religious and royal structures dating back to centuries before the Common Era.<\/span><\/h1>\n

A study published in *Antiquity* also notes that archaeological structures at the Amara al-Gharb site have been destroyed; officials from the National Authority for Antiquities and Museums documented the disappearance of a service building and a storage facility belonging to an archaeological project after they were destroyed, suggesting that this was likely linked to gold mining activities. The study also documented threats to storage facilities for archaeological projects in Soba and Say Island.<\/span><\/h1>\n

Figures Reveal the Extent of the Loss<\/span><\/h1>\n

In April 2026, as the war entered its fourth year, UNESCO revealed the extent of the damage inflicted on Sudan\u2019s cultural heritage, noting that more than 100 cultural sites had been damaged and at least 22 museums looted or destroyed since the outbreak of the war.<\/span><\/h1>\n

The organization announced the success of international efforts to recover 570 looted artifacts from the Sudan National Museum, in addition to documenting more than 1,700 artifacts, assessing 11 heritage sites, and training more than 400 specialists in heritage protection and law enforcement officials.<\/span><\/h1>\n

In February 2026, UNESCO and its partners held a high-level meeting in Sudan to discuss combating illicit trafficking in cultural property and strengthening the capacity of national institutions to protect museums, archaeological sites, and historical archives.<\/span><\/h1>\n

However, these efforts remain limited given the scale of the losses and the vast number of sites in need of protection, documentation, and restoration\u2014especially as the war continues and resources available to relevant institutions dwindle.<\/span><\/h1>\n

The Battle to Save Sudan\u2019s Memory<\/span><\/h1>\n

The return of the Sudanese Polish mission to excavate in Old Dongola demonstrates that scientific work and heritage protection can continue, even amid wartime conditions. But it also highlights the disparity between limited archaeological efforts and the magnitude of the threats facing Sudan\u2019s history.<\/span><\/h1>\n

Sudan is not only losing the lives of its citizens, its cities, and its institutions in this war, but it also risks losing irreplaceable material evidence of civilizations that span thousands of years and have helped shape the history of the Nile Valley and Africa.<\/span><\/h1>\n

Protecting this heritage requires action that goes beyond excavation and restoration; starting with securing museums and archaeological storage facilities, documenting missing items, prosecuting antiquities trafficking networks, and preventing the sale of Sudanese artifacts on international markets, as well as compelling the warring parties to respect the rules of international humanitarian law, which prohibit the targeting of cultural property or its use for military purposes.<\/span><\/h1>\n

For every artifact looted, every site destroyed, and every document lost represents a piece torn from the memory of a country trying to preserve its history amid a war that threatens its present and future. What lies beneath the floor of the Great Church of Jesus in Dongola reveals a part of Sudan\u2019s history that remains buried in the sand\u2014but it may never see the light of day if the war continues to destroy what remains of its monuments.<\/span><\/h1>\n

Saheeh Al Sudan<\/span><\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rhino: Agencies In Old Dongola, the capital of the Christian Kingdom of Makura, a Sudanese Polish archaeological mission has uncovered new details about the \u201cGreat Church of Jesus,\u201d one of the largest religious structures in the history of Christian Nubia. The excavations revealed its original floors, an architectural staircase, inscriptions, and rare Greek hymns. 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